The first picture of Neptune to be taken by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope reveals the latest, greatest details of the ice giant’s atmosphere, moons, and rings in infrared wavelengths.
Some of those details – for example, faint bands of dust that encircle Neptune – haven’t been brought to light since the Voyager 2 probe zoomed past in 1989.
“It has been three decades since we last saw those faint, dusty bands, and this is the first time we’ve seen them in the infrared,” astronomer Heidi Hammel, an interdisciplinary scientist on the JWST team who specializes in Neptune, said today (Sept. 21) in a news release. Neptune’s brighter rings stand out even more clearly.
In visible-light pictures, Neptune shows up as a deep blue dot, thanks to the methane in its atmosphere. But the image from JWST’s Near-Infrared Camera, or NIRCam, casts the planet’s disk in pearly tones of white. High-altitude clouds of methane ice appear as bright streaks and spots.
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University of Leicester’s Professor Ken Pounds and co-authors report the detection of matter falling into a black hole at 30% of the speed of light.
It is now well established that a supermassive black hole lies in the center of most galaxies, and further that it accretes matter through a disk.
With sufficient matter (interstellar gas clouds or even isolated stars) falling into the black hole, these can become extremely luminous, and are seen as a quasar or active galactic nucleus (AGN).
The orbit of matter around the black hole is often assumed to be aligned with the rotation of the black hole, but there is no compelling reason for this to be the case. In fact, the reason we have summer and winter is that the Earth’s daily rotation does not line up with its yearly orbit around the Sun.
Until now it has been unclear how misaligned rotation might affect the in-fall of matter. This is particularly relevant to the feeding of supermassive black holes since matter can fall in from any direction.
Using data from ESA’s XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory, Professor Pounds and colleagues looked at X-ray spectra from PG1211+143, a Seyfert galaxy (characterized by a very bright AGN resulting from the presence of the massive black hole at its nucleus) located in the constellation Coma Berenices, about one billion light-years away.
The team found the spectra to be strongly red-shifted, showing the observed matter to be falling into PG1211+143’s black hole at the enormous speed of 30% of the speed of light, or around 62,000 miles per second (100,000 km per second).
The gas has almost no rotation around the black hole, and is detected extremely close to it in astronomical terms, at a distance of only 20 times the black hole’s size (its event horizon, the boundary of the region where escape is no longer possible).
“The galaxy we were observing with XMM-Newton has a 40-million-solar-mass black hole which is very bright and evidently well fed,” Professor Pounds said.
“Indeed some 15 years ago we detected a powerful wind indicating the black hole was being over-fed. While such winds are now found in many active galaxies, PG1211+143 has now yielded another ‘first,’ with the detection of matter plunging directly into the black hole itself.”
“We were able to follow an Earth-sized clump of matter for about a day, as it was pulled towards the black hole, accelerating to a third of the velocity of light before being swallowed up by the hole.” source
